NANDA-I® nursing diagnoses in adult critical patients with COVID-19 / Diagnósticos de enfermagem da NANDA-I® em pacientes críticos adultos portadores de COVID-19 / Diagnósticos en enfermería de NANDA-I® en pacientes críticos adultos con COVID-19

Resumo Objetivo Identificar possíveis diagnósticos de enfermagem conforme a classificação da NANDA-International presentes em pacientes críticos adultos portadores de COVID-19 a partir de pistas diagnósticas descritas pela literatura científica. Métodos Estudo descritivo, desenvolvido em três etapas: revisão de literatura e agrupamento das pistas diagnósticas identificadas de acordo com as Necessidades Humanas Básicas; levantamento dos diagnósticos de enfermagem da NANDA-International a partir da correspondência entre as pistas diagnósticas descritas pela literatura com o título e indicadores diagnósticos; validação da correspondência diagnóstica por enfermeiros peritos. Foi utilizado o índice de concordância ≥ 0,80. Resultados A partir da leitura de 20 estudos, elegeram-se 51 pistas diagnósticas que foram agrupadas em 11 Necessidades Humanas Básicas Psicobiológicas. Após três rodadas de análise pelos peritos, identificou-se correspondência das 51 pistas diagnósticas com 26 títulos diagnósticos de enfermagem da NANDA-International. Os domínios dessa classificação com maior número de diagnósticos foram: atividade/repouso (n=9); segurança/proteção (n=7) e nutrição (n=4). Ressalta-se que 45,1% das pistas diagnósticas apresentaram correspondência com mais de um título diagnóstico. Além disso, a maioria dos diagnósticos de enfermagem (60,0%) refere-se a problemas reais e 40,0% a problemas potenciais. Conclusão Os resultados obtidos permitiram a identificação de pistas diagnósticas presentes em pacientes críticos adultos portadores de COVID-19 e verificar sua equivalência com 26 títulos diagnósticos da NANDA-International.

Resumen Objetivo Identificar posibles diagnósticos en enfermería según la clasificación de NANDA-International presentes en pacientes críticos adultos con COVID-19 a partir de pistas diagnósticas que se describen en la literatura científica. Métodos Estudio descriptivo, desarrollado en tres etapas: revisión de literatura y agrupación de las pistas diagnósticas identificadas de acuerdo con las Necesidades Humanas Básicas; recopilación de los diagnósticos de enfermería de NANDA-International a partir de la correspondencia entre las pistas diagnósticas que se describen en la literatura con el título e indicadores diagnósticos; validación de la correspondencia diagnóstica por enfermeros expertos. Se utilizó el índice de coincidencia ≥ 0,80. Resultados A partir de la lectura de 20 estudios, se eligieron 51 pistas diagnósticas que se agruparon en 11 Necesidades Humanas Básicas Psicobiológicas. Después de tres rondas de análisis de los expertos se identificó la correspondencia de las 51 pistas diagnósticas con 26 títulos diagnósticos de enfermería de NANDA-International. Los dominios de esa clasificación con un mayor número de diagnósticos fueron: actividad/reposo (n=9); seguridad/protección (n=7) y nutrición (n=4). Se destaca que 45,1 % de las pistas diagnósticas presentaron correspondencia con más de un título diagnóstico. Además, la mayoría de los diagnósticos de enfermería (60,0 %) se refiere a problemas reales y el 40,0 % a problemas potenciales. Conclusión Los resultados alcanzados permitieron la identificación de pistas diagnósticas presentes en pacientes críticos adultos con COVID-19 y verificar su equivalencia con 26 títulos diagnósticos de NANDA-International.

Abstract Objective To identify possible nursing diagnoses according to the NANDA-International classification present in critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 based on diagnostic clues described in the scientific literature. Method This is a descriptive study, developed in three stages: literature review and grouping of diagnostic clues identified according to Basic Human Needs; survey of NANDA-International nursing diagnoses based on the correspondence between diagnostic clues described in the literature with title and diagnostic indicators; validation of diagnostic correspondence by expert nurses. An agreement index ≥ 0.80 was used. Results From the reading of 20 studies, 51 diagnostic clues were selected and grouped into 11 Psychobiological Basic Human Needs. After three rounds of analysis by the experts, a correspondence of 51 diagnostic clues with 26 NANDA-International nursing diagnosis titles was identified. The domains of this classification with the highest number of diagnoses were: activity/rest (n=9); safety/protection (n=7) and nutrition (n=4). It is noteworthy that 45.1% of the diagnostic clues corresponded to more than one diagnostic title. Moreover, most nursing diagnoses (60.0%) refer to real problems and 40.0% to potential problems. Conclusion The results obtained allowed the identification of diagnostic clues present in critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 and to verify their equivalence with 26 diagnostic titles from NANDA-International.

Evidencia sobre estrategias de prevención y rehabilitación del síndrome post-UCI en adultos: una revisión de revisiones sistemáticas

Resumen Introducción El síndrome post-UCI (PICS, por sus siglas en inglés) es un síndrome que cada vez más cobra importancia debido al creciente número de pacientes sobrevivientes a la enfermedad crítica, fenómeno que se ha visto acentuado especialmente luego de la pandemia del COVID-19. El enfoque de la práctica médica que atiende a estos pacientes debe estar orientado en las mejores intervenciones disponibles para prevenir y rehabilitar las secuelas del PICS. Objetivo Sintetizar la evidencia sobre la eficacia y la efectividad de las estrategias para la prevención y rehabilitación del PICS en pacientes adultos. Métodos Revisión de revisiones sistemáticas (CRD42022321610). Se buscaron en PubMed, Scopus, Ovid (Cochrane) y LILACS las revisiones sistemáticas que evaluaran cualquier intervención para prevenir o rehabilitar el PICS y su efecto en algunas de las esferas del PICS (es decir, desenlaces mentales, cognitivos o físicos). Resultados Se incluyeron 20 estudios, 10 catalogados como de baja y muy baja calidad metodológica, por lo que no se incluyeron en la síntesis de resultados. Las terapias a nivel de las esferas mental y cognitiva parecen tener un efecto benéfico, pero con evidencia limitada. Las intervenciones analizadas en la esfera física son muy heterogéneas y tienen resultados contradictorios, igualmente con calidad de evidencia muy limitada. Conclusiones Teniendo en cuenta las revisiones sistemáticas incluidas en este trabajo, esta investigación permite concluir que hay información de baja calidad y contradictoria sobre la eficacia de las intervenciones para la prevención o rehabilitación del PICS. La práctica futura debe centrarse en desarrollar estudios de alta calidad. Introduction Post-ICU syndrome (PICS) is a syndrome that is becoming increasingly important due to the growing number of patients surviving critical illness, a phenomenon that has been accentuated especially after the COVID-19 pandemic. The focus of the medical practice that cares for these patients should be oriented toward the best available interventions to prevent and rehabilitate the sequelae of PICS. Objective To synthesize the evidence on the efficacy and effectiveness of strategies for preventing and rehabilitating PICS in adult patients. Methods Umbrella review (CRD42022321610). PubMed, Scopus, Ovid (Cochrane), and LILACS were searched for systematic reviews evaluating any intervention to prevent or rehabilitate PICS and its effect on any of the PICS domain(s) (i.e., mental, cognitive, or physical outcomes). Results 20 studies were included, and 10were classified as of low or very-low methodological quality, so they were not included in the summary of results. Therapies at the mental and cognitive levels seem to have a beneficial effect but with limited evidence. The interventions analyzed in the physical sphere are very heterogeneous and have contradictory results, with little quality of evidence. Conclusions Considering the systematic reviews included in this work, this research allows us to conclude that there is low-quality and contradictory information on the efficacy of interventions for the prevention or rehabilitation of PICS. Future practice should focus on developing high- quality studies.

Incidence of pressure ulcers due to prone position in patients admitted to the ICU for Covid-19.

The appearance of pressure ulcers (PU) is one of the frequent complications of prone position (PP), due to prolonged pressure and shear forces. OBJECTIVES: To compare the incidence of pressure ulcers secondary to prone position and describe their location among four Intensive Care Units (ICU) of public hospitals. METHODS: Multicenter descriptive and retrospective observational study. The population consisted of patients admitted to the ICU between February 2020 and May 2021, diagnosed with Covid-19 who required prone decubitus. The variables studied were sociodemographic, days of admission to the ICU, total hours on PP, PU prevention, location, stage, frequency of postural changes, nutrition and protein intake. Data collection was carried out through the clinical history of the different computerized databases of each hospital. Descriptive analysis and association between variables were performed using SPSS vs.20.0. RESULTS: A total of 574 patients were admitted for Covid-19, 43.03% were pronated. 69.6% were men, median age was 66 (IQR 55-74) and BMI 30.7 (RIC 27-34.2). Median ICU stay was 28 days (IQR 17-44.2), median hours on PD per patient 48 h (IQR 24-96). The incidence of PU occurrence was 56.3%, 76.2% of patients presented a PU, the most frequent location was the forehead (74.9%). There were significant differences between hospitals in terms of PU incidence (P = .002), location (P = .000) and median duration of hours per PD episode (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of pressure ulcers due to the prone position was very high. There is great variability in the incidence of pressure ulcers between hospitals, location and average duration of hours per episode of prone position.

Dysphagia in intensive care, a real problem: analysis of risk factors.

AIMS: To identify risk factors present in patients with dysphagia in a population of critically ill patients. METHODS: Case series of a cohort of patients recruited in the intensive care unit (ICU) until hospital discharge. Patients who gave consent and met the inclusion criteria were recruited. The Volume-Viscosity clinical examination method was used for the screening of dysphagia. An uni- and bivariate statistical analysis was performed using odds ratio (OR) to detect risk factors for dysphagia. OUTCOMES: 103 patients were recruited from 401 possible. The mean age was 59,33 ± 13,23, men represented 76,7%. The severity of the sample was: APACHE II (12,74 ± 6,17) and Charlson (2,98 ± 3,31). 45,6% of patients showed dysphagia, obtaining significant OR values (p < 0,050) for the development of dysphagia: older age, neurological antecedents, COVID19, long stay in ICU and hospitalization, and the presence of tracheotomy. COVID19 patients represented 46,6% of the sample, so an analysis of this subgroup was performed, showing similar results, with a Charlson risk (OR:4,65; 95% CI:1,31-16,47; p = 0,014) and a hospital stay (OR: 8,50; 95%CI: 2,20-32,83; p < 0,001) On discharge from the ICU, 37,9% of the population still had dysphagia; 12,6% maintained this problem at hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Almost half of our patients developed dysphagia. Clinical severity and the presence of tracheotomy were risk factors. We observed in patients with dysphagia a longer stay in both ICU and hospitalization.

La disfagia en cuidados intensivos, un problema real: análisis de factores de riesgo

Resumen Objetivos Determinar los factores de riesgo presentes en los pacientes con disfagia en relación con una población de pacientes críticos. Método Serie de casos de una cohorte de pacientes reclutados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) hasta el alta hospitalaria. Se reclutaron a aquellos pacientes que dieron su consentimiento y cumplían los criterios de inclusión. El método de exploración clínica Volumen-Viscosidad fue utilizado para la detección de la disfagia. Se realizó un análisis estadístico uni- y bivariante, a través del odds ratio (OR) para detectar los factores de riesgo en la disfagia. Resultados 103 pacientes fueron reclutados de 401 posibles. La media de edad fue de 59,33±13,23;los hombres representaban el 76,7%. La gravedad media fue: APACHE II (12,74±6,17) y Charlson (2,98±3,31). Un 45,6% de los pacientes desarrollaron disfagia, obteniendo valores significativos de OR (p<0,050) para el desarrollo de disfagia: la mayor edad, los antecedentes neurológicos, COVID19, la alta estancia en UCI y hospitalización y la presencia de traqueotomía. Los pacientes COVID19 representaban el 46,6%, por lo que se realizó un análisis de este subgrupo observando resultados similares, con un riesgo de Charlson (OR:4,65;IC95%: 1,31-16,47;p=0,014) y una estancia hospitalaria (OR: 8,50;IC95%: 2,20-32,83;p<0,001). Al alta de UCI, el 37,9% de la población presentaba todavía disfagia, y mantenía este problema al alta hospitalaria el 12,6%. Conclusiones Casi la mitad de nuestros pacientes presentaron disfagia. Fueron factores de riesgo la gravedad clínica y la presencia de traqueotomía. Se observó en estos pacientes una mayor estancia tanto en UCI como en hospitalización. Aims To identify risk factors present in patients with dysphagia in a population of critically ill patients. Methods Case series of a cohort of patients recruited in the intensive care unit (ICU) until hospital discharge. Patients who gave consent and met the inclusion criteria were recruited. The Volume-Viscosity clinical examination method was used for the screening of dysphagia. An uni- and bivariate statistical analysis was performed using odds ratio (OR) to detect risk factors for dysphagia. Outcomes 103 patients were recruited from 401 possible. The mean age was 59,33±13,23, men represented 76,7%. The severity of the sample was: APACHE II (12,74±6,17) and Charlson (2,98±3,31). 45,6% of patients showed dysphagia, obtaining significant OR values (p<0,050) for the development of dysphagia: older age, neurological antecedents, COVID19, long stay in ICU and hospitalization, and the presence of tracheotomy. COVID19 patients represented 46,6% of the sample, so an analysis of this subgroup was performed, showing similar results, with a Charlson risk (OR:4,65;95% CI:1,31-16,47;p=0,014) and a hospital stay (OR: 8,50;95%CI: 2,20-32,83;p<0,001). On discharge from the ICU, 37,9% of the population still had dysphagia;12,6% maintained this problem at hospital discharge. Conclusions Almost half of our patients developed dysphagia. Clinical severity and the presence of tracheotomy were risk factors. We observed in patients with dysphagia a longer stay in both ICU and hospitalization.

Intensive care medicine and the intensivist: from 1850 to 2021 / A medicina intensiva e o intensivista: de 1850 a 2021

Intensive Care Medicine gained prominence in 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It is a recent medical specialty, which many physicians and the public know little about. This article makes a historical perspective, from the emergence of the first areas for observation of critically ill patients in the nineteenth century to the present, to the impact of the pandemic and its consequences (AU)

A Medicina Intensiva ganhou destaque no anos de 2020 e 2021 devido à pandemia por COVID-19. Trata-se de uma especialidade recente, e ainda pouco conhecida por muitos médicos e pelo público. Este artigo faz uma perspectiva histórica, desde o surgimento das primeiras áreas para observação de pacientes graves no século XIX, até o pre-sente, com o impacto da pandemia, e as perspectivas futuras (AU)

Clinical characteristics of pediatric patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: There are only a few reports of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in patients with SARS-CoV-2 in pediatrics. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of critically ill pediatric patients with COVID-19, the frequency of ARDS, ventilatory mechanics and results of prone position. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, observational study of patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) between April 1 to September 30, 2020. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients were admitted to pediatric intensive care unit, 31.7% were SARS-CoV-2 positive. 13 presented ARDS, 11 required invasive mechanical ventilation, and seven were pronated as an oxygenation strategy. All patients classified as severe ARDS were pronated. Obesity was the most important comorbidity. The complications associated with ARDS were multisystemic inflammatory syndrome (8 vs. 4; p < 0.05) and acute kidney injury (8 vs. 3; p < 0.05). Procalcitonin was higher in patients with ARDS, as were the days of stay in PICU (p < 0.05). The success of the pronation maneuver was achieved 8 hours later , with the following results: arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen ratio 128 vs. 204, oxygenation index 8.9 vs. 5.9, static lung compliance 0.54 vs. 0.70 ml/cmH2O/kg, plateau pressure 24 vs. 19 cmH2O (p < 0.05). The use of narcotics was higher in the group with ARDS plus pronation 124 vs. 27 hours in the non-pronated (p < 0.01). Mortality associated with SARS-CoV-2 was 5.8%. CONCLUSIONS: ARDS was presented in 38.2% of the children admitted to PICU and was more frequent in obese patients. Pronation, performed in severe cases, improved oxygenation and lung mechanics indexes. No patient died of ARDS.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Existen pocos reportes de síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (SDRA) con COVID-19 en pacientes pediátricos. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características de los pacientes pediátricos críticamente enfermos con COVID-19, la frecuencia del SDRA, la mecánica ventilatoria y los resultados de la posición prona. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo y observacional de los pacientes ingresados del 1 de abril al 30 de septiembre de 2020. RESULTADOS: Ingresaron 34 pacientes a la unidad de terapia intensiva pediátrica (UTIP) con prueba positiva para SARS-CoV-2. De ellos, 13 presentaron SDRA, 11 requirieron ventilación mecánica invasiva y siete fueron pronados como estrategia de oxigenación. Todos los pacientes clasificados como SDRA graves fueron pronados. La obesidad fue la comorbilidad más importante. Las complicaciones asociadas con SDRA fueron el síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico (p < 0.05) y la lesión renal aguda (p < 0.05). La procalcitonina fue mayor en los pacientes con SDRA, al igual que los días de estancia en la UTIP (p < 0.05). El éxito de la maniobra de pronación se alcanzó 8 horas después.Los resultados observados fueron los siguientes relación presión arterial de oxígeno/fracción inspirada de oxígeno 128 vs. 204, índice de oxigenación 8.9 vs. 5.9, distensibilidad pulmonar estática 0.54 vs. 0.70 ml/cmH2O/kg, y presión meseta 24 vs. 19 cmH2O (p < 0.05). El uso de narcóticos fue mayor en el grupo de SDRA más pronación que en los no pronados (124 vs. 27 h; p < 0.01). La mortalidad asociada con SARS-CoV-2 fue del 5.8%. CONCLUSIONES: El SDRA se presentó en el 38.2% de los niños admitidos a UTIP, y con mayor frecuencia en los pacientes con obesidad. La maniobra de pronación aplicada en los casos severos, mejoró la oxigenación de la mécanica pulmonar. Ninguno de los pacientes falleció por SDRA.

Beau's line in COVID-19 after a long ICU stay.

Introduction: The 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19) overloads hospitalizations in intensive care units (ICUs) around the world and its severe form is a complex disease that is still being understood. Due to the lack of direct evidence in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, guidelines for nutritional management have been based on evidence from critically ill patients in general. Thus, it is known that intense metabolic stress and malnutrition precede the appearance of Beau's lines. This is the case report of a 58-year-old man with the severe form of COVID-19 hospitalized for 33 days in the ICU and who presented the Beau´s lines after 4 months of discharge, even with the infusion of nutritional therapy following the current recommendations for the critical period of the disease.

Introducción: La pandemia de la enfermedad por coronavirus de 2019 (COVID-19) sobrecarga las hospitalizaciones en unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) en todo el mundo y su forma grave es una enfermedad compleja que aún se está comprendiendo. Debido a la falta de evidencia directa en pacientes con infección por SARS-CoV-2, las pautas para el manejo nutricional se han basado en la evidencia de pacientes críticos en general. Así, se sabe que el estrés metabólico intenso y la desnutrición preceden a la aparición de las líneas de Beau. Este es el caso clínico de un hombre de 58 años con la forma grave de COVID-19 hospitalizado durante 33 días en la UCI y que presentó las líneas de Beau después de 4 meses del alta, incluso con la infusión de terapia nutricional prescrita en consecuencia a las recomendaciones actuales para el periodo crítico de la enfermedad.

Priority in interhospital transfers of patients with severe COVID-19: development and prospective validation of a triage tool

OBJECTIVES: To develop and validate a triage scale (Spanish acronym, TIHCOVID) to assign priority by predicting critical events in patients with severe COVID-19 who are candidates for interhospital transfer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective cohort study in 2 periods for internal (February-April 2020) and external (October-December 2020) validation. We included consecutive patients with severe COVID-19 who were transported by the emergency medical service of Catalonia. A risk model was developed to predict mortality based on variables recorded on first contact between the regional emergency coordination center and the transferring hospital. The model's performance was evaluated by means of calibration and discrimination, and the results for the first and second periods were compared. RESULTS: Nine hundred patients were included, 450 in each period. In-hospital mortality was 33.8%. The 7 predictors included in the final model were age, comorbidity, need for prone positioning, renal insufficiency, use of high-flow nasal oxygen prior to mechanical ventilation, and a ratio of PaO2 to inspired oxygen fraction of less than 50. The performance of the model was good (Brier score, 0.172), and calibration and discrimination were consistent. We found no significant differences between the internal and external validation steps with respect to either the calibration slopes (0.92 [95% CI, 0.91-0.93] vs 1.12 [95% CI, 0.6-1.17], respectively;P = .150) or discrimination (area under the curve, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.75-0.84] vs 0.85 [95% CI, 0.81-0.89];P = .121). CONCLUSION: The TIHCOVID tool may be useful for triage when assigning priority for patients with severe COVID-19 who require transfer between hospitals.

Adherencia Al Paquete De Medidas Abcdef Durante La Pandemia De Covid-19

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el conocimiento y el uso reportado del paquete de medidas ABCDEF en las unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) de adultos de la República Argentina durante la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo a través de una encuesta nacional dirigida a profesionales de la salud. RESULTADOS: Se recibieron 396 cuestionarios completos de profesionales de 21 provincias argentinas y la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. El 66% de los participantes contestó que conoce el paquete y lo aplica con diferentes grados de implementación. El 42,9% informó que usa al menos una herramienta validada para evaluar el dolor. Más de la mitad de los encuestados afirman realizar vacaciones de sedación y pruebas de ventilación espontánea diariamente. Las escalas de sedación fueron utilizadas por el 66,6% de los participantes en forma rutinaria. El 62% utiliza herramientas validadas para la detección de delirium. Respecto de la movilización temprana y ejercicio de los pacientes, el 91,8% de los profesionales entrevistados comunicaron que realizan rehabilitación neuromuscular en su UCI. Finalmente, sólo el 6,8% informó que su unidad estaba abierta las 24 horas para las visitas familiares. Las principales barreras a la aplicación del paquete de medidas fueron los recursos humanos y hospitalarios limitados, la resistencia al cambio, la falta de información y el aislamiento por COVID-19. CONCLUSIÓN: El 66% de los participantes contestó que conoce el paquete y lo aplica con diferentes grados de implementación. INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and use of the ABCDEF bundle in the intensive care units (ICU) from Argentina during COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A nationwide online survey was conducted on physicians, nurses and physiotherapists. RESULTS: 396 complete questionnaires were received from professionals from 21 Argentine provinces and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. 66% of the participants answered that they knew the bundle and applied it with different degrees of implementation. 42.9% reported using at least one validated tool to assess pain. Spontaneous awakening trials and spontaneous breathing trials are performed by the majority of the responders. Sedation scales were used by 66.6% of the participants routinely. Delirium monitoring was implemented by 62%. Regarding early mobilization and exercise of patients, 91.8% of the professionals interviewed reported that they perform neuromuscular rehabilitation in their ICU. Finally, only 6.8% reported that their unit was open 24 hours for family visits. Main barriers for bundle implementation were limited human and hospital resources, resistance to change, lack of information and isolation due to COVID-19. CONCLUSION: 66% of the participants answered that they know the package and apply it with different degrees of implementation.

C-Reactive protein and SOFA scale: A simple score as early predictor of critical care requirement in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Spain.

OBJECTIVE: To identify potential markers at admission predicting the need for critical care in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An approved, observational, retrospective study was conducted between March 15 to April 15, 2020. 150 adult patients aged less than 75 with Charlson comorbidity index ≤6 diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia were included. Seventy-five patients were randomly selected from those admitted to the critical care units (critical care group [CG]) and seventy-five hospitalized patients who did not require critical care (non-critical care group [nCG]) represent the control group. One additional cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were used to validate the score. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Multivariable regression showed increasing odds of in-hospital critical care associated with increased C-reactive protein (CRP) (odds ratio 1.052 [1.009-1.101]; P = 0.0043) and higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (1.968 [1.389-2.590]; P < 0.0001), both at the time of hospital admission. The AUC-ROC for the combined model was 0.83 (0.76-0.90) (vs AUC-ROC SOFA P < 0.05). The AUC-ROC for the validation cohort was 0.89 (0.82-0.95) (P > 0.05 vs AUC-ROC development). CONCLUSION: Patients COVID-19 presenting at admission SOFA score ≥ 2 combined with CRP ≥ 9.1 mg/mL could be at high risk to require critical care.

Recommendations by the Uruguayan Society of Intensive Care on the Covid-19 pandemic / Recomendaciones de la Sociedad Uruguaya de Medicina Intensiva sobre los aspectos bioéticos en la pandemia Covid-19 / Recomendações da Sociedade Uruguaia de Medicina Intensiva sobre aspectos bioéticos na pandemia Covid-19

Resumen: Introducción: la pandemia provocada por el SARS-CoV-2 genera un importante desafío para el sistema sanitario y especialmente para la Medicina Intensiva. Es necesario prepararse en múltiples aspectos. Además, considerar plausible una demanda extraordinaria de camas críticas que puede llevar a un desbalance entre las necesidades clínicas y la disponibilidad efectiva de los recursos sanitarios. Objetivos: realizar un análisis bioético para brindar una orientación en la atención a los pacientes críticos. Objetivos específicos: 1) Analizar los principios bioéticos fundamentales en este contexto. 2) Apoyar a los clínicos en la toma de decisiones difíciles. 3) Hacer explícitos los criterios de asignación de recursos. 4) Definir líneas de acción ante un posible escenario de "desastre sanitario". Método: la SUMI ha generado un ámbito de trabajo colectivo cuyo método de trabajo fue la deliberación. En la documentación se utiliza la revisión bibliográfica y los protocolos ya existentes. Resultados: el trabajo plantea un análisis teórico documentado sobre los principios bioéticos involucrados en el contexto de pandemia, sobre los escenarios de demanda asistencial y sobre la fundamentación para un cambio en los criterios éticos ante un escenario de saturación del sistema. Conclusión: se plantean recomendaciones prácticas para: 1) Toma de decisiones de ingreso y egreso en demanda controlada. 2) Criterios de acción ante el aumento de la demanda estableciendo definiciones de los diferentes escenarios. 3) Recomendaciones para aplicar en un escenario de saturación del sistema.

Summary: Introduction: the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV2 constitutes a significant challenge for the health system, and especially for Critical Care Units, so we need to prepare in many aspects. Likewise, we need to consider there could be an extraordinary demand for beds in critical care units, what would lead to an imbalance between clinical needs and the effective availability of health resources. Objectives: the study aims to perform a bioethical analysis that could provide guidelines for the assistance of patients in critical care. Specific objectives: 1) to analyse the main bioethical principles in this context, 2) to support clinicians in the making of difficult decisions, 3) to make the resource allocation criteria specific, 4) to define action lines upon a potential "health's disastrous" scenario Method: the Uruguayan Society of Intensive Care has generated a space for collective work based on discussion processes. Documents include a bibliographic review and the existing protocols. Results: the study presents a theoretical analysis that is backed up by the bioethical principles involved in the pandemic context on the scenarios of demand for assistance and, by the arguments calling for a change in the ethical criteria upon the saturation of the health system. Conclusion: practical recommendations are made: 1) for the making of decisions about admission and discharge in a controlled demand. 2) to define action criteria upon an increase in demand, clearly defining the different scenarios, 3) to apply upon the saturation of the health system.

Resumo: Introdução: a pandemia causada pelo SARS-CoV2 gera um importante desafio para o sistema de saúde e principalmente para a Medicina Intensiva. É preciso se preparar em vários aspectos. Além disso, considera plausível uma demanda extraordinária por leitos críticos, que pode levar a um desequilíbrio entre as necessidades clínicas e a disponibilidade efetiva de recursos de saúde. Objetivos: realizar uma análise bioética para orientar o cuidado ao paciente crítico. Objetivos específicos: 1) Analisar os princípios bioéticos fundamentais neste contexto, 2) Apoiar os médicos na tomada de decisões difíceis, 3) Tornar explícitos os critérios de alocação de recursos, 4) Definir linhas de ação perante um possível cenário de " desastre de saúde ". Métodos: a SUMI gerou um ambiente de trabalho coletivo cujo método de trabalho era deliberativo. A documentação usa a revisão da literatura e os protocolos existentes. Resultados: o trabalho propõe uma análise teórica documentada sobre os princípios bioéticos envolvidos no contexto da Pandemia, sobre os cenários da demanda de saúde e sobre os fundamentos para uma mudança de critérios éticos em um cenário de saturação do sistema. Conclusão: são propostas recomendações práticas para: 1) tomada de decisão para admissão e alta sob demanda controlada. 2) critérios de atuação frente ao aumento da demanda, estabelecendo definições dos diferentes cenários. 3) recomendações a serem aplicadas em um cenário de saturação do sistema.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19. Clinical and prognostic features from a medical Critical Care Unit in Valencia, Spain.

OBJECTIVE: Information from critically ill coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients is limited and in many cases coming from health systems approaches different from the national public systems existing in most countries in Europe. Besides, patient follow-up remains incomplete in many publications. Our aim is to characterize acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients admitted to a medical critical care unit (MCCU) in a referral hospital in Spain. DESIGN: Retrospective case series of consecutive ARDS COVID-19 patients admitted and treated in our MCCU. SETTING: 36-bed MCCU in referral tertiary hospital. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay of nasal/pharyngeal swabs. INTERVENTIONS: None MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Demographic and clinical data were collected, including data on clinical management, respiratory failure, and patient mortality. RESULTS: Forty-four ARDS COVID-19 patients were included in the study. Median age was 61.50 (53.25 - 67) years and most of the patients were male (72.7%). Hypertension and dyslipidemia were the most frequent co-morbidities (52.3 and 36.4% respectively). Steroids (1mg/Kg/day) and tocilizumab were administered in almost all patients (95.5%). 77.3% of the patients needed invasive mechanical ventilation for a median of 16 days [11-28]. Prone position ventilation was performed in 33 patients (97%) for a median of 3 sessions [2-5] per patient. Nosocomial infection was diagnosed in 13 patients (29.5%). Tracheostomy was performed in ten patients (29.4%). At study closing all patients had been discharged from the CCU and only two (4.5%) remained in hospital ward. MCCU length of stay was 18 days [10-27]. Mortality at study closing was 20.5% (n 9); 26.5% among ventilated patients. CONCLUSIONS: The seven-week period in which our MCCU was exclusively dedicated to COVID-19 patients has been challenging. Despite the severity of the patients and the high need for invasive mechanical ventilation, mortality was 20.5%.

Nutritional therapy in critically ill patients with COVID-19. A case review / Terapia nutricional en el paciente crítico con COVID-19. Una revisión / Terapia nutricional no paciente crítico com COVID-19. Uma revisão

Resumen: Introducción: el distrés respiratorio agudo y la falla multiorgánica que determinan admisión en una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) son una causa importante de morbimortalidad en pacientes con COVID-19. Los pacientes con peores resultados clínicos -incluido una menor sobrevida en UCI- son aquellos con múltiples comorbilidades, grados variables de inmunocompromiso, adultos mayores e individuos con desnutrición previa o secundaria a la enfermedad crítica. El impacto nutricional de la enfermedad crítica sobre el músculo estriado esquelético puede exacerbarse en algunos pacientes críticamente enfermos, los infectados por SARS-CoV-2 que requieren admisión a UCI. Objetivo: proporcionar una orientación práctica de utilidad para los clínicos basados en la evidencia clínica actualizada y considerando ciertas características claves distintivas de la infección grave por SARS-CoV-2. Método: se realizó una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura científica publicada hasta abril de 2020 en idiomas español e inglés. Conclusiones: la pandemia de COVID-19 determina un desafío sin precedentes en la UCI, dado que no existen al momento medidas preventivas demostradas para evitar la evolución a la enfermedad crítica y los tratamientos curativos disponibles en esta fase de la enfermedad carecen de evidencia clínica de calidad que los sustenten. En este escenario complejo es probable que las medidas que contribuyan a potenciar el sistema inmunitario y las terapias de sostén en la UCI (incluido el soporte nutricional) sean armas sustanciales contra las infecciones graves por SARS-CoV-2; sin embargo, son necesarios más estudios en el entorno de la UCI para realizar recomendaciones específicas.

Summary Introduction: acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction, which determine admission to the ICU, are a significant cause of morbimortality in patients with COVID-19. The patients with the worst clinical outcome, including a shorter survival in the ICU, are those with multiple comorbilities, different immunocompromised states, older adults and individuals with a history of malnutrition or suffering from malnutrition secondary to a critical illness. The nutritional impact of the critical illness on the striated appearance of skeletal muscle fibers may be exacerbated in some critically ill patients who are infected with SARS-CoV-2 and need to be admitted to the ICU. Objective: this article aims to provide useful practical guidelines for clinicians based on updated clinical evidence and considering a few key characteristics that are specific to severe infection caused by SARS-Cov-2. Method: we conducted a thorough review of the scientific literature published until April 2020 in English and Spanish. Conclusions: the COVID-19 pandemic causes an unprecedented challenge in the ICU since up until today, no preventive measures have been proved successful to avoid evolution to critical illness and the therapies available for this stage of the disease are supported by quality clinical evidence. Within this complex framework we may trust that the measures that contribute to strengthening the immune system and ICU life-support therapies (including nutritional therapy) constitute essential tools to fight against severe infections caused by SARS-Cov-2. However, further studies are needed in the ICU scenario for specific recommendations to be made.

Resumo Introdução: o desconforto respiratório agudo e a falência de múltiplos órgãos que determinam a admissão na UTI são causas importantes de morbimortalidade em pacientes com COVID-19. Os pacientes com os piores resultados clínicos, incluindo menor sobrevida na UTI, são aqueles com múltiplas comorbidades, graus variáveis ??de imunocomprometimento, idosos e indivíduos com desnutrição prévia ou secundária à doença crítica. O impacto nutricional da doença crítica no músculo esquelético pode ser exacerbado em alguns pacientes graves infectados com SARS-CoV-2 que requerem internação na UTI. Objetivos: o objetivo deste artigo é fornecer orientação prática útil para os médicos baseada em evidências clínicas atualizadas e considerando certas características específicas principais da infecção grave por SARS-Cov-2. Métodos: foi realizada uma revisão exaustiva da literatura científica publicada até abril de 2020 em espanhol e inglês. Conclusões: a pandemia de COVID-19 determina um desafio sem precedentes na UTI, visto que atualmente não existem medidas preventivas comprovadas para prevenir a progressão a doença crítica e os tratamentos curativos disponíveis nesta fase da doença carecem de evidências clínicas de qualidade que os sustentem. Nesse cenário complexo, medidas que contribuem para estimular o sistema imunológico e terapias de suporte na UTI (incluindo suporte nutricional) são provavelmente armas substanciais contra infecções graves por SARS-Cov-2; no entanto, são necessários mais estudos em ambiente de UTI para fazer recomendações específicas.

Nursing diagnosis/outcomes and interventions for critically ill patients affected by covid-19 and sepsis / Diagnósticos/resultados e intervenciones de enfermería para pacientes graves afectados por covid-19 y por sepsis / Diagnósticos/resultados e intervenções de enfermagem para pacientes graves acometidos por covid-19 e sepse

ABSTRACT Objective: to relate nursing diagnoses/outcomes and interventions for critically ill patients affected by COVID-19 and sepsis in the Intensive Care Unit, according to the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP®). Method: a documentary study conducted in March and April 2020 from the ICNP® terminology subset for adult patients with sepsis. The documentary corpus was composed of the list of nursing diagnoses/outcomes and interventions based on Horta's Theory of Basic Human Needs; on the 7-Axis Model of the International Classification for Nursing Practice, version 2017; on the Pathophysiological model of sepsis; as well as relying on the authors' expertise in direct care for suspected or confirmed critically ill patients affected by COVID-19. Outcomes: a total of 58 nursing diagnoses/outcomes were identified that belong to the psychobiological needs of oxygenation (13-22.4%), vascular regulation (12-20.7%), neurological regulation (10-17.2%), hydration (08-13.8%), elimination (08-13.8%), immunological regulation (04-6.9%) and thermal regulation (03-5.2%), evidencing a total of 172 nursing interventions with a mean of 03 for each nursing diagnosis/outcome. Conclusion: data analysis provided greater knowledge about the disease and the nursing process in the ICU setting, serving as a guide for the professional practice for critically ill patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and sepsis.

RESUMEN Objetivo: relacionar diagnósticos/resultados e intervenciones de enfermería para pacientes graves afectados por COVID-19 y por sepsis en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, de acuerdo con la Clasificación Internacional para la Práctica de Enfermería (CIPE®). Método: estudio documental realizado en los meses de marzo y abril de 2020 a partir del subconjunto terminológico de la CIPE® para pacientes adultos con sepsis. El corpus documental estuvo compuesto por la lista de diagnósticos/resultados e intervenciones de enfermería sobre la base de la Teoría de las Necesidades Humanas Básicas de Horta; del Modelo de 7 ejes de la Clasificación Internacional para la Práctica de Enfermería, versión 2017; y del Modelo fisiopatológico de la sepsis; al igual que contó con los profundos conocimientos de los autores en el cuidado directo a pacientes graves con sospecha o confirmación de COVID-19. Resultados: se identificaron 58 diagnósticos/resultados de enfermería que pertenecen a las necesidades psicobiológicas de oxigenación (13-22,4%), regulación vascular (12-20,7%), regulación neurológica (10-17,2%), hidratación (08-13,8%), eliminación (08-13,8%), regulación inmunológica (04-6,9%) y regulación térmica (03-5,2%), evidenciando un total de 172 intervenciones de enfermería con una media de 03 para cada diagnóstico/resultado de enfermería. Conclusión: el análisis de los datos amplió el conocimiento sobre la enfermedad y el proceso de enfermería en el ámbito de la UCI, sirviendo así como guía para la práctica profesional ofrecida al paciente grave internado con COVID-19 y sepsis.

RESUMO Objetivo: relacionar diagnósticos/resultados e intervenções de enfermagem para pacientes graves acometidos por COVID-19 e sepse na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, segundo a Classificação Internacional para a Prática de Enfermagem (CIPE®). Método: estudo documental realizado nos meses de março e abril de 2020 a partir do subconjunto terminológico da CIPE® para pacientes adultos com sepse. O corpus documental foi composto pela lista de diagnósticos/resultados e intervenções de enfermagem com base na Teoria das Necessidades Humanas Básicas de Horta; no Modelo de 7-Eixos da Classificação Internacional para a Prática de Enfermagem, versão 2017; no Modelo fisiopatológico da sepse; bem como contou com a expertise dos autores no cuidado direto a pacientes graves suspeitos ou confirmados de COVID-19. Resultados: foram identificados 58 diagnósticos/resultados de enfermagem que pertencem às necessidades psicobiológicas de oxigenação (13-22,4%), regulação vascular (12-20,7%), regulação neurológica (10-17,2%), hidratação (08-13,8%), eliminação (08-13,8%), regulação imunológica (04-6,9%) e regulação térmica (03-5,2%), evidenciando um total de 172 intervenções de enfermagem com uma média de 03 para cada diagnóstico/resultado de enfermagem. Conclusão: a análise dos dados oportunizou maior conhecimento sobre a doença e o processo de enfermagem no âmbito da UTI, servindo como um guia para a prática profissional ao paciente grave internado com COVID-19 e sepse.

[Nutritional management of the critically ill inpatient with COVID-19. A narrative review]. / Manejo nutricional del paciente hospitalizado críticamente enfermo con COVID-19. Una revisión narrativa.

INTRODUCTION: The current COVID-19 pandemic mainly affects older people, those with obesity or other coexisting chronic diseases such as type-2 diabetes and high blood pressure. It has been observed that about 20 % of patients will require hospitalization, and some of them will need the support of invasive mechanical ventilation in intensive care units. Nutritional status appears to be a relevant factor influencing the clinical outcome of critically ill patients with COVID-19. Several international guidelines have provided recommendations to ensure energy and protein intake in people with COVID-19, with safety measures to reduce the risk of infection in healthcare personnel. The purpose of this review is to analyze the main recommendations related to adequate nutritional management for critically ill patients with COVID-19 in order to improve their prognosis and clinical outcomes.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La pandemia actual por COVID-19 afecta principalmente a personas mayores, con obesidad o con otras enfermedades crónicas coexistentes como diabetes de tipo 2 e hipertensión arterial. Se ha observado que alrededor del 20 % de los pacientes requerirán hospitalización y algunos de ellos necesitarán soporte de ventilación mecánica invasiva en unidades de cuidados intensivos. El estado nutricional parece ser un factor relevante que influye en el resultado clínico de los pacientes con COVID-19 críticamente enfermos. Diversas guías internacionales han publicado recomendaciones para asegurar la ingesta energética y proteica de las personas con COVID-19, junto con medidas de seguridad para disminuir el riesgo de infección por parte del personal de salud. El propósito de esta revisión es analizar las principales recomendaciones relacionadas con el adecuado manejo nutricional del paciente hospitalizado críticamente enfermo con COVID-19 con la finalidad de mejorar el pronóstico y los resultados clínicos.